达斡尔语句法

childez

达斡尔语句法
拿木四来        哈斯额尔敦 Maxime.onon  录入整理 Yilan                 校对
八省区蒙古语文公作协作小组办公室 内蒙古师范学院蒙古语专业蒙古语文研究室
1978.12

For  those  who  love  this  nation  and  are  willing  to master this language in the case that this language would   disappear   without   a   trace   and   this   nation collapse or transfer into some other kind of nation with the extinction of this unique culture and history.


Best wishes, we will continue to better it
You hold on ,and we our nation will rise up again.


句法

我们在前面已经说过，语法中包括词法和句法，并分述了达斡尔语和蒙 古语的词法。在这一部分中我们要简要介绍达斡尔语和蒙古语的句法。
那么，什么叫句法呢？按照斯大林的定义，句法是“用词造句的规 则”。它研究句子及其句子成分和句子的种类等。
句法是语言中变化最慢的部分，它的基础是在人类创造语言的那个时候 就已经奠定下来并且在长期发展过程中保持着自己的本质特点。因此，同一 个语系和语族的语言之间在句法方面有许多共同点。达斡尔语和蒙古语是属 于同一个蒙古语族的语言。因此在句法上它们的差别是很小的。不过达斡尔 族历来没有文字，语言没有固定的文字形式。所以，他们的日常说话中句子 比较简短。
在这里我们只介绍句子成分和句子成分的顺序以及句子的主要成分和次 要成分。





目录

句法 ....................................................................................................................III
第 1 章 主语 .........................................................................................................4
1.1  作主语的词类及其出现形式 ....................................................................4
1.1.1  名词做主语 .........................................................................................4
1.1.2  形容词作主语 .....................................................................................4
1.1.3  数词做主语 .........................................................................................5
1.1.4  代词做主语 .........................................................................................6
1.1.5  形动词做主语 .....................................................................................8
1.1.6  复合词做主语 .....................................................................................8
1.2  主语的表示法 ............................................................................................8
第 2 章 谓语 .......................................................................................................10
2.1  名词做谓语 ..............................................................................................10
2.2  形容词做谓语 ..........................................................................................12
2.3  数词做谓语 ..............................................................................................12
2.4  代词做谓语 ..............................................................................................13
2.5  动词做谓语 ..............................................................................................14
2.5.1  形动式做谓语时的情况 ...................................................................14
2.5.2  希望命令式做谓语的情况 ...............................................................18
2.5.3  动词的时间式“现在—将来时、过去时”都可做谓语 .................20
2.5.4  动词的付动式谓语 ...........................................................................22
第 3 章 状语 .......................................................................................................24
3.1  状语的种类 ..............................................................................................24
3.1.1  地点状语 ...........................................................................................24
3.1.2  时间状语 ...........................................................................................24
3.1.3  原因状语 ...........................................................................................25
3.1.4  目的状语 ...........................................................................................25
3.1.5  状态状语 ...........................................................................................25
3.1.6  数量状语 ...........................................................................................25
3.1.7  程度范围状语 ...................................................................................26
3.2  状语的词类 ..............................................................................................26



3.2.1  副词做状语 .......................................................................................26
3.2.2  名词做状语 .......................................................................................26
3.2.3  形容词做状语 ...................................................................................28
3.2.4  数词做状语 .......................................................................................29
3.2.5  代词做状语 .......................................................................................29
3.2.6  动词做状语 .......................................................................................29
3.3  状语的人称问题 ......................................................................................32
第 4 章 宾语 .......................................................................................................34
4.1  宾语的种类 ..............................................................................................34
4.1.1  名词宾语 ...........................................................................................34
4.1.2  形容词宾语 .......................................................................................34
4.1.3  数词宾语 ...........................................................................................34
4.1.4  代词宾语 ...........................................................................................35
4.1.5  动词宾语 ...........................................................................................35
4.2  宾语的格的形式 ......................................................................................35
4.2.1  普通格形式的宾语 ...........................................................................35
4.2.2  双重格形式的宾语 ...........................................................................37
4.2.3  反身物主变格形式的宾语 ...............................................................38
4.2.4  反身物主附加成分和mun的重叠形式的宾语 .................................39
4.3  宾语的人称物主问题 ..............................................................................39
4.4  直接宾语与间接宾语 ..............................................................................40
4.4.1  直接宾语 ...........................................................................................40
4.4.2  间接宾语 ...........................................................................................40
第 5 章 定语 .......................................................................................................41
5.1  定语的种类 ..............................................................................................41
5.1.1  形容词定语 .......................................................................................41
5.1.2  名词定语 ...........................................................................................41
5.1.3  数词定语 ...........................................................................................41
5.1.4  代词定语 ...........................................................................................42
5.1.5  形动词定语 .......................................................................................42
5.2  依照表达意义的定语分类 ......................................................................42
5.2.1  特征定语 ...........................................................................................43
5.2.2  性质定语 ...........................................................................................43



5.2.3  数量定语 ...........................................................................................43
5.2.4  领属关系定语 ...................................................................................43
5.2.5  比较关系定语 ...................................................................................44
5.2.6  指称定语 ...........................................................................................44
5.2.7  相对性定语 .......................................................................................44
5.2.8  指示定语 ...........................................................................................45
5.2.9  疑问定语 ...........................................................................................45
5.2.10  动态定语 .........................................................................................45
5.3  定语的人称问题 ......................................................................................45
第 6 章 句子的主要成分和次要成分 ................................................................47
第 7 章 句子成分的顺序 ...................................................................................48
7.1  主语在前，谓语在后 ..............................................................................48
7.2  宾语必须在谓语的前边，但是可以在主语的前边或后边 ...................48
7.3  定语在被形容的句子成分的前边 ...........................................................49
7.4  状语必须在谓语的前边，但是可以在主语的前边或后边 ...................49
7.5  宾语和状语，可在前，可在后 ...............................................................50
第 8 章 达斡尔语 ...............................................................................................52
8.1.1  达斡尔语 Daur language ..................................................................52

宜里恒

阁下是达斡尔人么

childez

回复 月窗斋主人 的帖子

waka

李想

这真是一本好书